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classification | [
{
"content": "Which is a species of fish? Pintano or Pint",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Pintano",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which is a species of fish? Pintano or Pint |
classification | [
{
"content": "Which of the following are breeds of dogs:\nDachshund, Tabby, Russian Blue, Airedale Terrier, Papillon, Bengal, Greyhound",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Dachshund, Airedale Terrier, Papillon and Greyhound are all breeds of dogs.\nTabby, Russian Blue and Bengal are breeds of cats.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which of the following are breeds of dogs:
Dachshund, Tabby, Russian Blue, Airedale Terrier, Papillon, Bengal, Greyhound |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Which NFL team has the most Super Bowl championship wins?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Pittsburgh Steelers and the New England Patriots are tied for the most Super Bowl championship wins. Both teams have won 6 Super Bowl championships. The Steelers were the first team to achieve this in 2008, while the Patriots earned their sixth championship win in 2018.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which NFL team has the most Super Bowl championship wins? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Which USA government agency is responsible for preventing diseases?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Centers for Disease Control is a US Federal agency responsible for preventing diseases and sharing health tools and information for communities to protect their health.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which USA government agency is responsible for preventing diseases? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are three common alarm clock sounds?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "People might use a variety of sounds to wake up in the morning. Three common alarm clock sounds are :\n\n1. Bird songs\n2. Beeping\n3. Radio",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are three common alarm clock sounds? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the FAANG equivalent in China?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The FAANG equivalent in China is called BAT. It consist of three Chinese technology companies, namely Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the FAANG equivalent in China? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How does one prepare for interviews at consulting firms?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Use case study books that are available to practice the case studies in interviews. Often the business schools will have copies of the case study material. In addition, there will be a leadership assessment that is done using examples of projects executed by the interviewee. Consulting companies like BCG, Bain and McKinsey conduct assessment around Problem solving, structuring, leadership, and empathy/EQ. In addition, some of the questions may require estimations, understanding graphs and doing rough calculations. Interviewee is expected to diagnose the issue, and likely root cause. While evaluating, it is ok to share your thinking and approach to solving the problem. Practicing with your peers helps a lot.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How does one prepare for interviews at consulting firms? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Who was given the Booker Prize 2020?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Douglas Stuart",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who was given the Booker Prize 2020? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Hygienic macros are macros whose expansion is guaranteed not to cause the accidental capture of identifiers. They are a feature of programming languages such as Scheme, Dylan, Rust, Nim, and Julia. The general problem of accidental capture was well known within the Lisp community prior to the introduction of hygienic macros. Macro writers would use language features that would generate unique identifiers (e.g., gensym) or use obfuscated identifiers in order to avoid the problem. Hygienic macros are a programmatic solution to the capture problem that is integrated into the macro expander itself. The term \"hygiene\" was coined in Kohlbecker et al.'s 1986 paper that introduced hygienic macro expansion, inspired by the terminology used in mathematics. What are some languages that feature hygienic macros?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Some languages that feature hygienic macros include Scheme, Dylan, Rust, Nim, and Julia.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Hygienic macros are macros whose expansion is guaranteed not to cause the accidental capture of identifiers. They are a feature of programming languages such as Scheme, Dylan, Rust, Nim, and Julia. The general problem of accidental capture was well known within the Lisp community prior to the introduction of hygienic macros. Macro writers would use language features that would generate unique identifiers (e.g., gensym) or use obfuscated identifiers in order to avoid the problem. Hygienic macros are a programmatic solution to the capture problem that is integrated into the macro expander itself. The term "hygiene" was coined in Kohlbecker et al.'s 1986 paper that introduced hygienic macro expansion, inspired by the terminology used in mathematics. What are some languages that feature hygienic macros? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the east Asian process of training small trees called?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Bonsai",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the east Asian process of training small trees called? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "Juliette Roche (1884–1980), also known as Juliette Roche Gleizes, was a French painter and writer who associated with members of the Cubist and Dada movements. She was married to the artist Albert Gleizes.\n\nShe was born in 1884 to a wealthy Parisian family. Her father, Jules Roche, was a prominent member of both the French government and avant-garde art world. Other strong connections to the art world were manifested in her relationships with her godmother, Élisabeth, Countess Greffulhe, and her father's godson, Jean Cocteau. Juliette Roche studied painting at the Académie Ranson in Paris, with the support of her father. There, she was introduced to the artistic style of Les Nabis. In her poetic and pictorial work she showed profiles of independent women capable of self-expression.\n\nIn 1913, she exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants and began writing poetry, inserting phrases, such as advertising slogans; experimenting with typographic elements. In 1914 she held her first solo exhibition at the Bernheim-Jeune gallery.\n\nWhen the First World War broke out, she traveled to New York City with her soon to be husband, the Cubist artist Albert Gleizes, who she met through the intermediary of Ricciotto Canudo, a film theoretician who published an avant-garde magazine Montjoie!, promoting Cubism. Juliette Roche and Albert Gleizes were married in September 1915.\n\nIn New York, she took part in Dada activities with Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia, The Gleizes' then traveled to Barcelona to exhibit in the Galeries Dalmau before returning to New York. collaborating with Duchamp in the preparation of the first exhibition of the Society of Independent Artists of 1917, and Duchamp submitted his infamous readymade Fountain.\n\nIn 1919, she returned to Paris and began writing La minéralisation de Dudley Craving Mac Adam, published in 1924, a story that tells of the adventures of Ather Cravan and other artists in exile in New York.\n\nIn 1920-21, she wrote État... Colloidal, published by the Chilean journalist Vicente Huidobro in the magazine Creación.\n\nIn 1927, together with Albert Gleizes, they founded the Moly-Sabata , a residence of artists in Sablons, which offered studios and workshops. She continued to exhibit the rest of his life in group exhibitions. Who is Juliette Roche?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Juliette Roche was born in 1884 and was a French painter and writer. She was married to the artist Albert Gleizes.\nShe was also the founder of Moly-Sabata, a residence of artists in Sablons.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Juliette Roche (1884–1980), also known as Juliette Roche Gleizes, was a French painter and writer who associated with members of the Cubist and Dada movements. She was married to the artist Albert Gleizes.
She was born in 1884 to a wealthy Parisian family. Her father, Jules Roche, was a prominent member of both the French government and avant-garde art world. Other strong connections to the art world were manifested in her relationships with her godmother, Élisabeth, Countess Greffulhe, and her father's godson, Jean Cocteau. Juliette Roche studied painting at the Académie Ranson in Paris, with the support of her father. There, she was introduced to the artistic style of Les Nabis. In her poetic and pictorial work she showed profiles of independent women capable of self-expression.
In 1913, she exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants and began writing poetry, inserting phrases, such as advertising slogans; experimenting with typographic elements. In 1914 she held her first solo exhibition at the Bernheim-Jeune gallery.
When the First World War broke out, she traveled to New York City with her soon to be husband, the Cubist artist Albert Gleizes, who she met through the intermediary of Ricciotto Canudo, a film theoretician who published an avant-garde magazine Montjoie!, promoting Cubism. Juliette Roche and Albert Gleizes were married in September 1915.
In New York, she took part in Dada activities with Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia, The Gleizes' then traveled to Barcelona to exhibit in the Galeries Dalmau before returning to New York. collaborating with Duchamp in the preparation of the first exhibition of the Society of Independent Artists of 1917, and Duchamp submitted his infamous readymade Fountain.
In 1919, she returned to Paris and began writing La minéralisation de Dudley Craving Mac Adam, published in 1924, a story that tells of the adventures of Ather Cravan and other artists in exile in New York.
In 1920-21, she wrote État... Colloidal, published by the Chilean journalist Vicente Huidobro in the magazine Creación.
In 1927, together with Albert Gleizes, they founded the Moly-Sabata , a residence of artists in Sablons, which offered studios and workshops. She continued to exhibit the rest of his life in group exhibitions. Who is Juliette Roche? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "what are the main components of a computer?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A computer consists of a motherboard, a central processing unit (CPU), memory (often called RAM) and a hard disk or hard drive or Solid State Drive for storage.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| what are the main components of a computer? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How do I know if I am in love?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Love is different for everyone. And there are different stages to the journey of love of a partner. Love starts heavy and passionate and then subsides. And when it subsides you have to make a decision. You have to work out whether your roots have become so entwined together that it is inconceivable that you should ever part. Because this is what love is. Love is not breathlessness, it is not excitement, it is not the promulgation of promises of eternal passion. That is just being \"in love\" which any of us can convince ourselves we are. Love itself is what is left over when being in love has burned away, and this is both an art and a fortunate accident.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How do I know if I am in love? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What are the best ramen places to eat in San Mateo, CA?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The top Ramen places in San Mateo are 1. Taishoken, 2 Kajiken, 3. Shegetsu 4. Himawari",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the best ramen places to eat in San Mateo, CA? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Who discovered the double-helix DNA structure?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "James Watson and Francis Crick identified the double-helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid in 1953.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who discovered the double-helix DNA structure? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Yahalom is the author of numerous books and articles on Hebrew poetry, from Byzantine Palestine (5th century CE) to the early modern period. Much of his work explores the connections between Hebrew poetry and the literature of the other groups living in the same time and place, for example, the link between piyyut and Syriac and Greek Christian hymns; between Hebrew poetry from Spain and the emerging romances in European languages; and between early modern mystical Hebrew poetry in the Ottoman Empire and Turkish songs. He also has written extensively about the bilingual (Hebrew and Arabic) culture of Judah Al-Harizi. Given this paragraph about Yahalom and his works, tell me when he was born?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Based off of this paragraph, it is clear that Yahalom wrote books and articles \"from Byzantine Palestine (5th century CE) to the early modern period\". Therefore, it is likely that Yahalom was born in the early modern period or sometime after the early modern period.\n\nThe exact date of Yahalom's birth cannot be determined given the provided information.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Yahalom is the author of numerous books and articles on Hebrew poetry, from Byzantine Palestine (5th century CE) to the early modern period. Much of his work explores the connections between Hebrew poetry and the literature of the other groups living in the same time and place, for example, the link between piyyut and Syriac and Greek Christian hymns; between Hebrew poetry from Spain and the emerging romances in European languages; and between early modern mystical Hebrew poetry in the Ottoman Empire and Turkish songs. He also has written extensively about the bilingual (Hebrew and Arabic) culture of Judah Al-Harizi. Given this paragraph about Yahalom and his works, tell me when he was born? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "The Actors' Equity Association (AEA), commonly called Actors' Equity or simply Equity, is an American labor union representing those who work in live theatrical performance. Performers appearing in live stage productions without a book or through-storyline (vaudeville, cabarets, circuses) may be represented by the American Guild of Variety Artists (AGVA). The AEA works to negotiate quality living conditions, livable wages, and benefits for performers and stage managers. A theater or production that is not produced and performed by AEA members may be called \"non-Equity\". What is Equity theater?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A theater or production that is performed by Actors' Equity Association (AEA) members is often called \"Equity Theater\". Actors' Equity Association commonly called Actor's Equity or more simply Equity, is an American Labor union representing those who work in live theatrical performance. A theater or production not produced by Actors' Equity members is often called \"non-Equity\".",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Actors' Equity Association (AEA), commonly called Actors' Equity or simply Equity, is an American labor union representing those who work in live theatrical performance. Performers appearing in live stage productions without a book or through-storyline (vaudeville, cabarets, circuses) may be represented by the American Guild of Variety Artists (AGVA). The AEA works to negotiate quality living conditions, livable wages, and benefits for performers and stage managers. A theater or production that is not produced and performed by AEA members may be called "non-Equity". What is Equity theater? |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "How do you improve your basketball handles?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "One of the best ways to improve your basketball handles is to practice beyond dribbling. Rotating the ball around your head, body and legs is a great way to get a better feel for the ball all around your body. Once you can effortlessly move the ball around those three parts of your body, you can start experimenting with handling the ball between your legs in a figure-eight rotation. To further advance that skill, you can start the rotation from your head to your body, to between your legs and back up all in a single session.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How do you improve your basketball handles? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is Game of Thrones based on?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Game of Thrones is based on the books written by George R. R. Martin called a Song of Ice and Fire.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is Game of Thrones based on? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Korla, also known as Kurla or from Mandarin Chinese as Ku'erle or Kuerle, is the second largest city in Xinjiang. It is a county-level city and the seat of the Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, the largest prefecture of China.\n\nKorla has existed since at least the Han Dynasty. Korla is known for its production of fragrant pears and is a production center for the Tarim oil fields. What does Korla stand for?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Korla is the second largest city in Xinjiang, China. It is also known as Kurla or Kuerle. It is located in the Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. It is known for fragrant pears and oil fields.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Korla, also known as Kurla or from Mandarin Chinese as Ku'erle or Kuerle, is the second largest city in Xinjiang. It is a county-level city and the seat of the Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, the largest prefecture of China.
Korla has existed since at least the Han Dynasty. Korla is known for its production of fragrant pears and is a production center for the Tarim oil fields. What does Korla stand for? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Harold Brainerd Hersey (April 11, 1893 – March 1956) was an American pulp editor and publisher, publishing several volumes of poetry. His pulp industry observations were published in hardback as Pulpwood Editor (1937). Given this paragraph about Harold Brainerd Hersey, what did he do and when were his observations published?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Harold Brainerd Herse was an American pulp editor and publisher. His observations were published in 1937.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Harold Brainerd Hersey (April 11, 1893 – March 1956) was an American pulp editor and publisher, publishing several volumes of poetry. His pulp industry observations were published in hardback as Pulpwood Editor (1937). Given this paragraph about Harold Brainerd Hersey, what did he do and when were his observations published? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "How often do Germans vote?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Federal elections in Germany are held every four years. Germans also vote in the European election, which is conducted every five years. Furthermore, state elections are typically held every five years, but the dates are staggered between different states. Finally, referendums might occur irregularly. The voter turnout varies; an individual voter might not participate in an election.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How often do Germans vote? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What are the most popular dishes to bring to a potluck?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Since potlucks are designed to scale out the food preparation efforts while providing a diverse menu, items that are easy to prepare in large quantities and that appeal to a lot of different people are most commonly brought. For example, meatballs are relatively inexpensive, widely enjoyed, and easy to be kept warm in crockpot. Items like chicken wings are popular for many of the same reasons. Salads are also a good choice because they don not need to be kept hot. Items that require immediate serving are typically avoided because the dishes need to be prepared, then travel to the locality of the event, and as such create logistical and quality problems. Other items are ones that people typically take pride in, like chili, or ethnic staples that expose people to new tastes and cultures.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the most popular dishes to bring to a potluck? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are the various passing routes in football?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Streak\nPost\nCrossing route\nHitch\nComeback\nDigg\nOut\nFlat \nWheel",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the various passing routes in football? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "How are Social Security and Medicare in the USA funded?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Social Security and Medicare in the USA are funded through payroll taxes on income. Both employees and employers are required to pay payroll taxes.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How are Social Security and Medicare in the USA funded? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Who were the Defense Against the Dark Arts teachers in the Harry Potter series?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "While Harry Potter was a student, there were six Defense Against the Dark Arts teachers while he was at Hogwarts. They are Quirinus Quirrell, Gilderoy Lockhart, Remus Lupin, Alastor 'Mad Eye' Moody (who was impersonated for a good chunk of the year by Bartemius Crouch Jr), Dolores Umbridge, and Severus Snape. The final year of the book series, when Harry Potter was no longer in the school, the position of Defense Against the Dark Arts was held by Amycus Carrow. Athough he mostly taught the Dark Arts, not the defense against them.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who were the Defense Against the Dark Arts teachers in the Harry Potter series? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "In addition to being well known for articles about scenery, history, and the most distant corners of the world, the magazine has been recognized for its book-like quality and its standard of photography. It was during the tenure of Society President Alexander Graham Bell and editor Gilbert H. Grosvenor (GHG) that the significance of illustration was first emphasized, in spite of criticism from some of the Board of Managers who considered the many illustrations an indicator of an “unscientific” conception of geography. By 1910, photographs had become the magazine's trademark and Grosvenor was constantly on the search for \"dynamical pictures\" as Graham Bell called them, particularly those that provided a sense of motion in a still image. In 1915, GHG began building the group of staff photographers and providing them with advanced tools including the latest darkroom.The magazine began to feature some pages of color photography in the early 1930s, when this technology was still in its early development. During the mid-1930s, Luis Marden (1913–2003), a writer and photographer for National Geographic, convinced the magazine to allow its photographers to use the so-called \"miniature\" 35 mm Leica cameras loaded with Kodachrome film over bulkier cameras with heavy glass plates that required the use of tripods.In 1959, the magazine started publishing small photographs on its covers, later becoming larger photographs. National Geographic photography quickly shifted to digital photography for both its printed magazine and its website. In subsequent years, the cover, while keeping its yellow border, shed its oak leaf trim and bare table of contents, to allow for a full page photograph taken for one of the month's articles. Issues of National Geographic are often kept by subscribers for years and re-sold at thrift stores as collectibles. The standard for photography has remained high over the subsequent decades and the magazine is still illustrated with some of the highest-quality photojournalism in the world. In 2006, National Geographic began an international photography competition, with over eighteen countries participating. Extract all of the names of people in the below text separated by commas and ordered in alphabetical order by first name",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Alexander Graham Bell, Gilbert H. Grosvenor, Luis Marden",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| In addition to being well known for articles about scenery, history, and the most distant corners of the world, the magazine has been recognized for its book-like quality and its standard of photography. It was during the tenure of Society President Alexander Graham Bell and editor Gilbert H. Grosvenor (GHG) that the significance of illustration was first emphasized, in spite of criticism from some of the Board of Managers who considered the many illustrations an indicator of an “unscientific” conception of geography. By 1910, photographs had become the magazine's trademark and Grosvenor was constantly on the search for "dynamical pictures" as Graham Bell called them, particularly those that provided a sense of motion in a still image. In 1915, GHG began building the group of staff photographers and providing them with advanced tools including the latest darkroom.The magazine began to feature some pages of color photography in the early 1930s, when this technology was still in its early development. During the mid-1930s, Luis Marden (1913–2003), a writer and photographer for National Geographic, convinced the magazine to allow its photographers to use the so-called "miniature" 35 mm Leica cameras loaded with Kodachrome film over bulkier cameras with heavy glass plates that required the use of tripods.In 1959, the magazine started publishing small photographs on its covers, later becoming larger photographs. National Geographic photography quickly shifted to digital photography for both its printed magazine and its website. In subsequent years, the cover, while keeping its yellow border, shed its oak leaf trim and bare table of contents, to allow for a full page photograph taken for one of the month's articles. Issues of National Geographic are often kept by subscribers for years and re-sold at thrift stores as collectibles. The standard for photography has remained high over the subsequent decades and the magazine is still illustrated with some of the highest-quality photojournalism in the world. In 2006, National Geographic began an international photography competition, with over eighteen countries participating. Extract all of the names of people in the below text separated by commas and ordered in alphabetical order by first name |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What happens when someone throws a phone onto a mattress?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The phone hits the mattress and causes a momentary indent on the mattress. Depending on which part of the phone hits the mattress and the angle as well as speed of the throw, the phone may jump to another spot on the mattress, or it may stay where it first made contact. Regardless, it will likely bounce a few times and then eventually stop moving.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What happens when someone throws a phone onto a mattress? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the best season to visit Japan?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The best season to visit Japan is well known as Spring, especially between March and April when you can enjoy cherry blossom viewing. Because it is so popular, you will expect a lot of crowds especially in famous cherry blossom spots. Hotels and flights are hard to be booked and perhaps the most expensive. \n\nAnother popular season is Fall. The weather is pleasant and many foreigners come to visit especially for fall foliage in November. And the good thing is that despite its beauty, it is expected to be less crowded than Spring during cherry blossom season.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the best season to visit Japan? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me a list of scientists who influenced the work of Albert Einstein",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Isaac Newton, Michael Faraday, and James Clerk Maxwell",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me a list of scientists who influenced the work of Albert Einstein |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "National Beer Day is celebrated in the United States every year on April 7, marking the day that the Cullen–Harrison Act came into force after having been signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 22, 1933. This led to the Eighteenth Amendment being repealed on December 5, 1933, with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. April 6, the day prior to National Beer Day, is known as New Beer's Eve. From the passage provided, extract the date that National Beer Day is celebrated in the United States.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "National Beer Day is celebrated in the United States on April 7.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| National Beer Day is celebrated in the United States every year on April 7, marking the day that the Cullen–Harrison Act came into force after having been signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 22, 1933. This led to the Eighteenth Amendment being repealed on December 5, 1933, with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. April 6, the day prior to National Beer Day, is known as New Beer's Eve. From the passage provided, extract the date that National Beer Day is celebrated in the United States. |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "In Casablanca what is the name of the nightclub",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Rick's",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| In Casablanca what is the name of the nightclub |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "Does Las Vegas have a professional hockey team?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Vegas Golden Knights are a professional ice hockey team based in the Las Vegas metropolitan area. They compete in the National Hockey League as a member of the Pacific Division in the Western Conference.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Does Las Vegas have a professional hockey team? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Davos is an Alpine resort town and a municipality in the Praettigau/Davos Region in the canton of Graubuenden, Switzerland. It has a permanent population of 10,832 (2020). Davos is located on the river Landwasser, in the Rhaetian Alps, between the Plessur and Albula Ranges.\n\nThe municipality covers nearly the entire valley of the Landwasser, and the centre of population, economic activity, and administration is two adjacent villages: Davos Dorf (German: Davos Village) and Davos Platz (Davos Place), at 1,560 m (5,120 ft) above sea level.\n\nGaining prominence in the 19th century as a mountain health resort, Davos is perhaps best known today for hosting the World Economic Forum—often referred to simply as \"Davos\"—an annual meeting of global political and corporate leaders. With a long history of winter sport, Davos also has one of Switzerland's largest ski resorts, and hosts the international Spengler Cup ice hockey tournament each December.\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos Is Davos worth traveling?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Davos is a very scenic town in the Swiss Alps. Famous for winter sports like skiing, cross-country skiing, sledding, ice hockey and ice skating and also for the World Economic Forum that take place annually.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Davos is an Alpine resort town and a municipality in the Praettigau/Davos Region in the canton of Graubuenden, Switzerland. It has a permanent population of 10,832 (2020). Davos is located on the river Landwasser, in the Rhaetian Alps, between the Plessur and Albula Ranges.
The municipality covers nearly the entire valley of the Landwasser, and the centre of population, economic activity, and administration is two adjacent villages: Davos Dorf (German: Davos Village) and Davos Platz (Davos Place), at 1,560 m (5,120 ft) above sea level.
Gaining prominence in the 19th century as a mountain health resort, Davos is perhaps best known today for hosting the World Economic Forum—often referred to simply as "Davos"—an annual meeting of global political and corporate leaders. With a long history of winter sport, Davos also has one of Switzerland's largest ski resorts, and hosts the international Spengler Cup ice hockey tournament each December.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos Is Davos worth traveling? |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "Write the first paragraph of a blog post describing the appeal of Boston as a tourist destination",
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{
"content": "Boston is a vibrant city with a rich history, incredible architecture, and diverse culture. Its cobblestone streets, charming neighborhoods, and vibrant nightlife make it an ideal destination for visitors. From the Freedom Trail to the Boston Common, Boston offers visitors a unique experience unlike any other. From historic sites to vibrant nightlife, Boston is a great place to visit and explore. The suburbs are great too.",
"role": "assistant"
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| Write the first paragraph of a blog post describing the appeal of Boston as a tourist destination |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me some ideas around improving my writing skills",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "1. Read some nice writing and literary pieces. They should not be classical, can also be from bloggers that you admire and try to learn from their writing style.\n2. One can leverage some writing softwares e.g. Grammarly, Wordtune, etc, as they immensely help with nice tips and suggestions.\n3. Take services of a professional like writing coach to receive some guided approach and learning\n4. Try to write as much as possible. It might sound counter intuitive but based on the law of numbers, writing more, helps one align and develop own writing style and rhythm. As the saying goes \"practice makes a man perfect\".",
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]
| Give me some ideas around improving my writing skills |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "The series was launched in 1992 with Super Mario Kart on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, to critical and commercial success. The Mario Kart series totals fourteen games, with six on home consoles, three on handheld consoles, four arcade games co-developed with Namco, and one for mobile phones. The latest game in the series, Mario Kart Live: Home Circuit, was released on the Nintendo Switch in October 2020. Over 164.43 million copies in the series have been sold worldwide. When was Super Mario Kart launched?",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Super Mario Kart was launched in 1992 on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System",
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| The series was launched in 1992 with Super Mario Kart on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, to critical and commercial success. The Mario Kart series totals fourteen games, with six on home consoles, three on handheld consoles, four arcade games co-developed with Namco, and one for mobile phones. The latest game in the series, Mario Kart Live: Home Circuit, was released on the Nintendo Switch in October 2020. Over 164.43 million copies in the series have been sold worldwide. When was Super Mario Kart launched? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Humans have occupied the region since the last ice age 10,000 years ago. Fremont people and Ancestral Puebloans lived in the area until about 700 years ago. Spanish missionaries encountered Ute and Paiute tribes in the area when they first came through in 1775, but the first European-Americans to attempt settlement in the area were the Mormon Elk Mountain Mission in 1855, who soon abandoned the area. Ranchers, farmers, and prospectors later settled Moab in the neighboring Riverine Valley in the late 1870s. Word of the beauty of the surrounding rock formations spread beyond the settlement as a possible tourist destination.\n\nThe Arches area was first brought to the attention of the National Park Service by Frank A. Wadleigh, passenger traffic manager of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. Wadleigh, accompanied by railroad photographer George L. Beam, visited the area in September 1923 at the invitation of Alexander Ringhoffer, a Hungarian-born prospector living in Salt Valley. Ringhoffer had written to the railroad to interest them in the tourist potential of a scenic area he had discovered the previous year with his two sons and a son-in-law, which he called the Devils Garden (known today as the Klondike Bluffs). Wadleigh was impressed by what Ringhoffer showed him, and suggested to Park Service director Stephen T. Mather that the area be made a national monument.\n\nThe following year, additional support for the monument idea came from Laurence Gould, a University of Michigan graduate student (and future polar explorer) studying the geology of the nearby La Sal Mountains, who was shown the scenic area by local physician Dr. J. W. \"Doc\" Williams.\n\nA succession of government investigators examined the area, in part due to confusion as to the precise location. In the process, the name Devils Garden was transposed to an area on the opposite side of Salt Valley that includes Landscape Arch, the longest arch in the park. Ringhoffer's original discovery was omitted, while another area nearby, known locally as the Windows, was included. Designation of the area as a national monument was supported by the Park Service in 1926 but was resisted by President Calvin Coolidge's Interior Secretary, Hubert Work. Finally, in April 1929, shortly after his inauguration, President Herbert Hoover signed a presidential proclamation creating the Arches National Monument, consisting of two comparatively small, disconnected sections. The purpose of the reservation under the 1906 Antiquities Act was to protect the arches, spires, balanced rocks, and other sandstone formations for their scientific and educational value. The name Arches was suggested by Frank Pinkely, superintendent of the Park Service's southwestern national monuments, following a visit to the Windows section in 1925.\n\nIn late 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a proclamation that enlarged the Arches to protect additional scenic features and permit the development of facilities to promote tourism. A small adjustment was made by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1960 to accommodate a new road alignment.\n\nIn early 1969, just before leaving office, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed a proclamation substantially enlarging the Arches. Two years later, President Richard Nixon signed legislation enacted by Congress, which significantly reduced the total area enclosed, but changed its status. Arches National Park was formally dedicated in May 1972.\n\nIn 1980, vandals attempted to use an abrasive kitchen cleanser to deface ancient petroglyphs in the park, prompting park officials to recruit physicist John F. Asmus, who specialized in using lasers to restore works of art, to use his technology to repair the damage. Asmus \"zapped the panel with intense light pulses and succeeded in removing most of the cleanser\". In 2016, there was another vandalism event on Frame Arch in the park, where a section if the rock was carved out. Due to advances in technology, in 2018 the arch was repaired through color match and modern infilling methods. History of the Arches National Park creation.",
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{
"content": "First Humans appeared in this region during the last ice age 10000 years ago. The first settlers began in 1775 but were abandoned before 1855 when ranchers, farmers, and prospectors settled in Moab(the closest city to the Arches). The first attention to these beautiful rock formations was broad in 1923 by Frank A. Wadleigh. Devils Garden(known as Klondike Bluffs today) got its name from a prospector from Salt Valley Alexander Ringhoffer, Devils Garden was transposed to an area on the opposite side of Salt Valley. Landscape Arch is the longest arch in the park and the fifth longest in the world! \nIn 1929, President Herbert Hoover signed a presidential proclamation creating the Arches National Monument to protect the arches, spires, balanced rocks, and other sandstone formations for their scientific and educational value. The name Arches was suggested by Frank Pinkely, in 1925. From 1938 multiple presidents of the United States of America signed multiple proclamations to protest scenic features and permits for road constructions in order to attract tourists into the area but only in 1972 Arches National Park was officially created. \nIn 1980, vandals tried to destroy ancient petroglyphs in the park, which physicist John F. Asmus restored using laser technology for restoration. In 2016, another vandalism event happened on Frame Arch a section of rocks was carved, but thanks to technology, it was restored.",
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]
| Humans have occupied the region since the last ice age 10,000 years ago. Fremont people and Ancestral Puebloans lived in the area until about 700 years ago. Spanish missionaries encountered Ute and Paiute tribes in the area when they first came through in 1775, but the first European-Americans to attempt settlement in the area were the Mormon Elk Mountain Mission in 1855, who soon abandoned the area. Ranchers, farmers, and prospectors later settled Moab in the neighboring Riverine Valley in the late 1870s. Word of the beauty of the surrounding rock formations spread beyond the settlement as a possible tourist destination.
The Arches area was first brought to the attention of the National Park Service by Frank A. Wadleigh, passenger traffic manager of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. Wadleigh, accompanied by railroad photographer George L. Beam, visited the area in September 1923 at the invitation of Alexander Ringhoffer, a Hungarian-born prospector living in Salt Valley. Ringhoffer had written to the railroad to interest them in the tourist potential of a scenic area he had discovered the previous year with his two sons and a son-in-law, which he called the Devils Garden (known today as the Klondike Bluffs). Wadleigh was impressed by what Ringhoffer showed him, and suggested to Park Service director Stephen T. Mather that the area be made a national monument.
The following year, additional support for the monument idea came from Laurence Gould, a University of Michigan graduate student (and future polar explorer) studying the geology of the nearby La Sal Mountains, who was shown the scenic area by local physician Dr. J. W. "Doc" Williams.
A succession of government investigators examined the area, in part due to confusion as to the precise location. In the process, the name Devils Garden was transposed to an area on the opposite side of Salt Valley that includes Landscape Arch, the longest arch in the park. Ringhoffer's original discovery was omitted, while another area nearby, known locally as the Windows, was included. Designation of the area as a national monument was supported by the Park Service in 1926 but was resisted by President Calvin Coolidge's Interior Secretary, Hubert Work. Finally, in April 1929, shortly after his inauguration, President Herbert Hoover signed a presidential proclamation creating the Arches National Monument, consisting of two comparatively small, disconnected sections. The purpose of the reservation under the 1906 Antiquities Act was to protect the arches, spires, balanced rocks, and other sandstone formations for their scientific and educational value. The name Arches was suggested by Frank Pinkely, superintendent of the Park Service's southwestern national monuments, following a visit to the Windows section in 1925.
In late 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a proclamation that enlarged the Arches to protect additional scenic features and permit the development of facilities to promote tourism. A small adjustment was made by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1960 to accommodate a new road alignment.
In early 1969, just before leaving office, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed a proclamation substantially enlarging the Arches. Two years later, President Richard Nixon signed legislation enacted by Congress, which significantly reduced the total area enclosed, but changed its status. Arches National Park was formally dedicated in May 1972.
In 1980, vandals attempted to use an abrasive kitchen cleanser to deface ancient petroglyphs in the park, prompting park officials to recruit physicist John F. Asmus, who specialized in using lasers to restore works of art, to use his technology to repair the damage. Asmus "zapped the panel with intense light pulses and succeeded in removing most of the cleanser". In 2016, there was another vandalism event on Frame Arch in the park, where a section if the rock was carved out. Due to advances in technology, in 2018 the arch was repaired through color match and modern infilling methods. History of the Arches National Park creation. |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What do you do when the engine in your single engine airplane fails in flight?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "While it is rare every pilot should be prepared in the event. The first step is to stay calm. Remember you need to aviate, navigate and communicate in that order. You should have the planes best glide speed memorized. Next establish that glide speed. Then consult the checklist for engine failure and restart procedures. In event it does not restart look for suitable landing site. If at all possible find a site that allows for a landing into the wind. Declare an emergency, convey location if possible. Refer to emergency landing procedures with a non-operating engine.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What do you do when the engine in your single engine airplane fails in flight? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is VCF?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Variant Call Format (VCF) is a file format used for storing and transferring genetic data. It is used for storing and comparing genetic data, and for representing genetic variants. VCF is a binary format that stores genetic data, including sequence data, variant data, and annotation data.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is VCF? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How do you make a Negroni?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Here is how to make a Negroni cocktail:\n\nIngredients:\n- Gin\n- Campari\n- Sweet Vermouth\n- Orange peel\n- Ice for mixing\n- Ice for serving; Single large ice \"rock\" generally preferred\n\nBar tools needed:\n- Mixing glass\n- Mixing spoon\n- Strainer\n- Glass for serving; preferably a cocktail tumbler style glass\n\nMaking the cocktail\n\n- Place the ice (or ice rock) in the serving glass\n- Pour 1 ounce each of the gin, Campari, and vermouth into the mixing glass\n- Add 5-10 ice cubes to the mixing glass\n- Using the mixing spoon, stir the ingredients vigorously for 20-30 seconds\n- Using the strainer, pour the cocktail into the serving glass\n- Twist the orange peel to release oil and aroma; rub orange peel around rim of glass; place orange peel into the cocktail\n- Enjoy!\n\nIf you enjoy the negroni, you can experiment with the ingredients. Many enjoy mezcal as a replacement for the gin. Also, you can swap out Campari for other bitter style aperitifs; St. George's Bruto Americano is a good example of a possible substitute.",
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}
]
| How do you make a Negroni? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Cabomba is an aquatic plant genus, one of two belonging to the family Cabombaceae. It has divided submerged leaves in the shape of a fan (hence the vernacular name fanwort) and is much favoured by aquarists as an ornamental and oxygenating plant for fish tanks. Use in the aquarium trade has led to some species being introduced to other parts of the world, such as Australia, where they have become weeds. Where is Cabomba sometimes used for decoration but also utility?",
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},
{
"content": "fish tanks",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Cabomba is an aquatic plant genus, one of two belonging to the family Cabombaceae. It has divided submerged leaves in the shape of a fan (hence the vernacular name fanwort) and is much favoured by aquarists as an ornamental and oxygenating plant for fish tanks. Use in the aquarium trade has led to some species being introduced to other parts of the world, such as Australia, where they have become weeds. Where is Cabomba sometimes used for decoration but also utility? |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "Write a paragraph on the difficulties of seizure detection among epilepsy patients.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Seizure detection in epilepsy usually faces the problem of subjectivity where one reviewer's response may differ from another. This makes the seizure classification very difficult, wasting a lot of time. The gold standard, video-EEG, is also time-consuming and resource-intensive. An epilepsy patient can also have multiple types of seizures, making the detection even more difficult. This becomes more challenging when seizure types like hyperkinetic seizures have similar traits to non-epilepsy functional seizures.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Write a paragraph on the difficulties of seizure detection among epilepsy patients. |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "When was the Bitcoin whitepaper published?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Bitcoin whitepaper was published on October 31, 2008.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| When was the Bitcoin whitepaper published? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "RMS Adriatic was a British ocean liner of the White Star Line. She was the fourth of a quartet of ships of more than 20,000 GRT, dubbed The Big Four. The ship was the only one of the four which was never the world's largest ship. However, she was the largest, the fastest, and the most luxurious of the Big Four, being the first ocean liner to have an indoor swimming pool and a Turkish bath.\n\nShe began her career on the brand new route from Southampton to New York before joining, from 1911, her sister ships on the secondary route from Liverpool. They were in fact slow liners intended to provide a service at moderate prices. When World War I broke out, the Adriatic was among the ships that continued their civilian transatlantic service, while carrying many provisions. In 1917, she was requisitioned and served as a troop transport.\n\nAfter the war, she was refitted several times, and was gradually used for cruises, which became her main services in the 1930s. When Cunard Line and White Star Line merged in 1934, she was quickly deemed unnecessary and sold at the end of the year. She was scrapped in Osaka in 1935. Tell me about the RMS Adriatic",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The RMS Adriatic was a British ocean liner of the White Star Line. She was the fourth of a quartet of ships of more than 20,000 GRT, dubbed The Big Four. The ship was the only one of the four which was never the world's largest ship. However, she was the largest, the fastest, and the most luxurious of the Big Four, being the first ocean liner to have an indoor swimming pool and a Turkish bath.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| RMS Adriatic was a British ocean liner of the White Star Line. She was the fourth of a quartet of ships of more than 20,000 GRT, dubbed The Big Four. The ship was the only one of the four which was never the world's largest ship. However, she was the largest, the fastest, and the most luxurious of the Big Four, being the first ocean liner to have an indoor swimming pool and a Turkish bath.
She began her career on the brand new route from Southampton to New York before joining, from 1911, her sister ships on the secondary route from Liverpool. They were in fact slow liners intended to provide a service at moderate prices. When World War I broke out, the Adriatic was among the ships that continued their civilian transatlantic service, while carrying many provisions. In 1917, she was requisitioned and served as a troop transport.
After the war, she was refitted several times, and was gradually used for cruises, which became her main services in the 1930s. When Cunard Line and White Star Line merged in 1934, she was quickly deemed unnecessary and sold at the end of the year. She was scrapped in Osaka in 1935. Tell me about the RMS Adriatic |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Think up of a bunch of different gifts you could give a teacher",
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},
{
"content": "An apple, a box of pencils, a giftcard, a card, a chocolate bar, school supplies, books",
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]
| Think up of a bunch of different gifts you could give a teacher |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What are the advantages and disadvantages of learning Java over Python?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Java and Python are two of the most popular programming languages. Of the two, Java is the faster language, but Python is simpler and easier to learn. Each is well-established, platform-independent, and part of a large, supportive community. But that is where the similarities end. When you’re considering Python versus Java, each language has different uses for different purposes, and each has pros and cons to consider.\n\nAdvantages of Java\n\nSpeed and efficiency are two of the big draws of using Java. It's also one of the coding languages considered to be easy to learn. Because many of the processes of this high-level language run automatically, you won't have to do an intense study of how everything works as much as you would with a low-level language. You should be able to master it relatively quickly depending on how much time you can devote to learning and practicing. Other advantages of using Java include the following:\n\n(1) It's simple: The syntax is straightforward, making it easy to write. It's not as complex as languages like C++, and it uses automatic memory allocation.\n\n(2) It’s platform independent: You can use Java on multiple types of computers, including Windows, iOS, Unix, and Linux systems, as long as it has the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) platform.\n\n(3) It’s object oriented: Because you create classes containing data and functions and objects that belong to those classes, it offers a more intuitive approach for big project development. It also provides flexibility and easier troubleshooting, and the ability to reuse the code.\n\n(4) It has a large global community: This is helpful when you're learning Java or should you run into any problems.\n\n(5) It supports multithreading: When you use Java, you can run more than one thread at a time. When running multiple threads, they share a common memory area to increase efficiency and performance.\n\n(6) It’s secure: Java avoids using explicit pointers, runs inside a virtual machine called a sandbox, uses byte-code verifier to check for illegal code, and provides library-level safety along with Java security package and run-time security checks. \n\nDisadvantages of Java\n\nBefore deciding whether Java is the right programming language for you to start with, it’s essential to consider its weaknesses. One of the main downsides to using Java is that it uses a large amount of memory—considerably more than Python.\n\nAdditionally, Java manages its memory through garbage collection, which happens once the application you’re working on no longer references the object. Java’s garbage collector clears it from memory, but during the process, other threads have to stop while the garbage collector works. The step impacts the overall performance of the application. Other disadvantages include:\n\n(1) It doesn’t offer control over garbage collection: As a programmer, you won’t have the ability to control garbage collection using functions like free() or delete().\n\n(2) It has a lot of words: Although Java is simple, it does tend to have a lot of words in it, which will often leave you with complex, lengthy sentences and explanations.\n\n(3) It doesn't have a native look when you use it for desktops: Java has multiple graphical user interface (GUI) builders, but they aren't the best if you're creating complex UI on a desktop. Java is weaker when you're using it for desktop versus mobile when it comes to user experience and user interface. While there are many GUI builders to choose from, you'll need to do a lot of research to find the right one for your project.\n\n\nPython: The simple path\n\nAlthough Java is faster, Python is more versatile, easier to read, and has a simpler syntax. According to Stack Overflow, this general use, interpreted language is the fourth most popular coding language. It's also one of the most in-demand programming languages that hiring managers look for when hiring candidates, according to HackerRank, second only to JavaScript. \n\nPython's popularity has experienced explosive growth in the past few years, with more than 11.3 million coders choosing to use it, mainly for IoT, data science, and machine learning applications, according to ZDNet. Further, Python has had a 25 percent growth rate, adding 2.3 million developers to its community between Q3 2020 and Q3 2021, according to SlashData's “State of the Developer Nation.”.\n\nAdvantages of Python\n\nPython’s versatility is difficult to match, and it's so flexible that it encourages experimentation. This keeps programmers from being pigeonholed into only building one type of application. You can learn just one language and use it to make new and different things.\n\nComputer Weekly calls Python the most versatile programming language, noting that “Although there might be a better solution for any given problem, Python will always get the job done well”. Other advantages of Python include:\n\n(1) It’s platform-independent: Like Java, you can use Python on various platforms, including macOS, Windows, and Linux. You’ll just need an interpreter designed for that platform.\n\n(2) It allows for fast development: Because Python is dynamically typed, it's fast and friendly for development. Additionally, it uses asynchronous code to tackle situations and challenges faster because each unit of code runs separately.\n\n(3) It offers extensive libraries: Its large library supports common tasks and commands. It also contains code that can be used for many different purposes, ranging from generating documentation to unit testing to CGI.\n\n(4) It offers a more flexible approach to programming: Python supports a variety of programming styles and has multiple paradigms. Not only is this optimal for programmers who enjoy flexibility, but it also makes it ideal for start-ups that might need to shift approaches abruptly.\n\n(5) It's free and open-source: You can download Python without any cost, and because it's so easy to learn and boasts one of the largest and most active communities—you should be able to start writing code in mere minutes.\n\n(6) It may boost productivity: NetGuru says that Python is more productive than Java because of how concise it is and because it's dynamically typed. Additionally, it has control capabilities and integration features that can make applications more productive.\n\nDisadvantages of Python\n\nWhile Python is arguably one of the easiest and fastest languages to learn, it’s also decidedly slower to execute because it’s a dynamically typed, interpreted language, executed line-by-line. Python does extra work while executing the code, making it less suitable for use in projects that depend on speed. However, if speed isn’t a sensitive issue, Python’s slower nature won’t likely be a problem.\n\nOther potential disadvantages include:\n\n(1) It only executes one thread at a time: Python has a Global Interpreter Lock that only lets one thread execute at a time, so if you're working on a multi-threaded CPU-bound program, it'll likely be even slower. Using multiprocessing programs instead of multithreaded programs can be an effective workaround.\n\n(2) It isn't mobile native: Python can be effectively and easily used for mobile purposes, but you'll need to put a bit more effort into finding libraries that give you the necessary framework. Some examples include Kivy, which lets you use the same API to create mobile apps and software that you can run on Raspberry PI, Linux, and Windows.\n\n(3) It uses a large amount of memory: If you're working on a project where many objects are active in RAM, this could present an issue for you. Switching to NumPy could be an effective workaround to reduce the amount of memory Python uses for each object.",
"role": "assistant"
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]
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of learning Java over Python? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "India’s first Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus is indigenously developed by",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "KPIT-CSIR in Pune",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| India’s first Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus is indigenously developed by |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is brackish water and where does it occur?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Brackish water is water which is a mixture of freshwater and seawater, and is often found in bays or estuaries",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is brackish water and where does it occur? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "Quantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy action where a central bank purchases predetermined amounts of government bonds or other financial assets in order to stimulate economic activity. Quantitative easing is a novel form of monetary policy that came into wide application after the financial crisis of 2007-2008. It is intended to mitigate an economic recession when inflation is very low or negative, making standard monetary policy ineffective. Quantitative tightening (QT) does the opposite, where for monetary policy reasons, a central bank sells off some portion of its holdings of government bonds or other financial assets.\n\nSimilar to conventional open-market operations used to implement monetary policy, a central bank implements quantitative easing by buying financial assets from commercial banks and other financial institutions, thus raising the prices of those financial assets and lowering their yield, while simultaneously increasing the money supply. However, in contrast to normal policy, quantitative easing usually involves the purchase of riskier or longer-term assets (rather than short-term government bonds) of predetermined amounts at a large scale, over a pre-committed period of time.\n\nCentral banks usually resort to quantitative easing when their nominal interest rate target approaches or reaches zero. Very low interest rates induce a liquidity trap, a situation where people prefer to hold cash or very liquid assets, given the low returns on other financial assets. This makes it difficult for interest rates to go below zero; monetary authorities may then use quantitative easing to further stimulate the economy rather than trying to lower the interest rate further.\n\nQuantitative easing can help bring the economy out of recession and help ensure that inflation does not fall below the central bank's inflation target. However QE programmes are also criticized for their side-effects and risks, which include the policy being more effective than intended in acting against deflation (leading to higher inflation in the longer term), or not being effective enough if banks remain reluctant to lend and potential borrowers are unwilling to borrow. Quantitative easing has also been criticized for raising financial asset prices, contributing to inequality. Quantitative easing was undertaken by some major central banks worldwide following the global financial crisis of 2007–08, and again in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Describe the quantitative easing in 3 bullet points or less.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "1- Quantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy action in which the government buys bonds and other assets to keep long term interest rate low to stimulate the economy.\n\n2- It was introduced after the great financial crisis (GFC) in 2008.\n\n3- It contributes to inequality by raising financial assets.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Quantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy action where a central bank purchases predetermined amounts of government bonds or other financial assets in order to stimulate economic activity. Quantitative easing is a novel form of monetary policy that came into wide application after the financial crisis of 2007-2008. It is intended to mitigate an economic recession when inflation is very low or negative, making standard monetary policy ineffective. Quantitative tightening (QT) does the opposite, where for monetary policy reasons, a central bank sells off some portion of its holdings of government bonds or other financial assets.
Similar to conventional open-market operations used to implement monetary policy, a central bank implements quantitative easing by buying financial assets from commercial banks and other financial institutions, thus raising the prices of those financial assets and lowering their yield, while simultaneously increasing the money supply. However, in contrast to normal policy, quantitative easing usually involves the purchase of riskier or longer-term assets (rather than short-term government bonds) of predetermined amounts at a large scale, over a pre-committed period of time.
Central banks usually resort to quantitative easing when their nominal interest rate target approaches or reaches zero. Very low interest rates induce a liquidity trap, a situation where people prefer to hold cash or very liquid assets, given the low returns on other financial assets. This makes it difficult for interest rates to go below zero; monetary authorities may then use quantitative easing to further stimulate the economy rather than trying to lower the interest rate further.
Quantitative easing can help bring the economy out of recession and help ensure that inflation does not fall below the central bank's inflation target. However QE programmes are also criticized for their side-effects and risks, which include the policy being more effective than intended in acting against deflation (leading to higher inflation in the longer term), or not being effective enough if banks remain reluctant to lend and potential borrowers are unwilling to borrow. Quantitative easing has also been criticized for raising financial asset prices, contributing to inequality. Quantitative easing was undertaken by some major central banks worldwide following the global financial crisis of 2007–08, and again in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Describe the quantitative easing in 3 bullet points or less. |
classification | [
{
"content": "When teaching children about when to do things, which would you say are things people do in the morning, and which are not? Wake up, fall asleep, drink coffee, put on pyjamas, turn off the lights, have breakfast.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Things that people tend to do in the morning are to wake up, drink coffee and have breakfast. Fall asleep, put on pyjamas and turn off the lights are not things that people typically do in the morning.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| When teaching children about when to do things, which would you say are things people do in the morning, and which are not? Wake up, fall asleep, drink coffee, put on pyjamas, turn off the lights, have breakfast. |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "The Sanremo Music Festival (Italian: Festival di Sanremo [ˈfɛstival di sanˈrɛːmo, festiˈval -]), officially the Italian Song Festival (Italian: Festival della canzone italiana), is the most popular Italian song contest and awards ceremony, held annually in the city of Sanremo, Liguria Which is the most popular Italian Song Festival",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Sanremo Music Festival",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Sanremo Music Festival (Italian: Festival di Sanremo [ˈfɛstival di sanˈrɛːmo, festiˈval -]), officially the Italian Song Festival (Italian: Festival della canzone italiana), is the most popular Italian song contest and awards ceremony, held annually in the city of Sanremo, Liguria Which is the most popular Italian Song Festival |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Most modern surfboards are made of fiberglass foam (PU), with one or more wooden strips or \"stringers\", fiberglass cloth, and polyester resin (PE). An emerging board material is epoxy resin and Expanded Polystyrene foam (EPS) which is stronger and lighter than traditional PU/PE construction. Even newer designs incorporate materials such as carbon fiber and variable-flex composites in conjunction with fiberglass and epoxy or polyester resins. Since epoxy/EPS surfboards are generally lighter, they will float better than a traditional PU/PE board of similar size, shape and thickness. This makes them easier to paddle and faster in the water. However, a common complaint of EPS boards is that they do not provide as much feedback as a traditional PU/PE board. For this reason, many advanced surfers prefer that their surfboards be made from traditional materials. Given this paragraph about surfboards, summarize what a surfboard is made of",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Surfboards can be made out of a variety of materials, but most surfboards these days are made from a foam core that is coated in a hard exterior",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Most modern surfboards are made of fiberglass foam (PU), with one or more wooden strips or "stringers", fiberglass cloth, and polyester resin (PE). An emerging board material is epoxy resin and Expanded Polystyrene foam (EPS) which is stronger and lighter than traditional PU/PE construction. Even newer designs incorporate materials such as carbon fiber and variable-flex composites in conjunction with fiberglass and epoxy or polyester resins. Since epoxy/EPS surfboards are generally lighter, they will float better than a traditional PU/PE board of similar size, shape and thickness. This makes them easier to paddle and faster in the water. However, a common complaint of EPS boards is that they do not provide as much feedback as a traditional PU/PE board. For this reason, many advanced surfers prefer that their surfboards be made from traditional materials. Given this paragraph about surfboards, summarize what a surfboard is made of |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Describe to me in clear detail what the amazon logo looks like.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Amazon logo is a curved, yellow arrow pointing to the right. The arrow head is separated from the stem. Sometimes the brand will be colored black instead but it is a well recognized logo regardless. It is a simple design and used throughout all products that Amazon owns including Amazon Prime, Amazon.com, Amazon Go, and more.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Describe to me in clear detail what the amazon logo looks like. |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "5 ways Voldemort could have killed Harry Porter",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "He shouldn't have waited until the end of the school year.\nHe Should Have Allowed The Death Eaters To Attack In The Graveyard .\nHe could have contain his obsession of Magical Heritage and conceal hocrux into normal objects.\nHe could have ignored the prophecy and continued his activity.\nHe could have asked a 2nd opinion to check harry In the forest himself",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| 5 ways Voldemort could have killed Harry Porter |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Why democracy doesn't works and in old times we had autocracy?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Corruption, polarization, and misinformation all have the potential to easily influence democracy, which is a complicated system with many moving parts. It additionally will in general be sluggish and wasteful because of the requirement for agreement building and split the difference among various groups.\n\nOn the other hand, because there is no need to engage in a prolonged decision-making process or accommodate divergent viewpoints, autocracy can be more effective and decisive in implementing policies. Singapore, where the government has been able to achieve rapid economic growth and development through strong and centralized leadership, is a good case for autocracy. The nation has an exclusive expectation of living, low degrees of wrongdoing, and a well-working public framework.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Why democracy doesn't works and in old times we had autocracy? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify each of the following as either round or square shape: wheel, paper napkin, building block, ring, coin, ball, grid, bread, bubble, dice, hula hoop, window, stamp, earth, crossword, tambourine, bagel, keyboard key, cube, letter O.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Objects that have circular (round) shape include: bagel, ball, bubble, coin, earth, hula hoop, letter O, ring, tambourine, wheel.\nObjects that have square shape include: bread, building blocks, crossword, cube, dice, grid, keyboard key, paper napkin, stamp, window.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify each of the following as either round or square shape: wheel, paper napkin, building block, ring, coin, ball, grid, bread, bubble, dice, hula hoop, window, stamp, earth, crossword, tambourine, bagel, keyboard key, cube, letter O. |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "What is kombucha made of?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kombucha is a fermented drink made from tea, yeast, bacteria and sugar. It has grown in popularity, and some believe it has many health benefits.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is kombucha made of? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "can you recommend fun activities to enjoy in Austin in summer?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Summer can be hot in Austin, with historical highest temperatures went above 100 Farheiths. Outdoor activities are challenging in the torching sun and steaming air. Luckily, Austin, as part of the Hill Country, has a lot of hiking trails with shades and mild elevation. Hiking in early morning is enjoyable if you are an early bird. You can still enjoy outdoors in summer with water. Kayaking, SUPs, tubing, canoeing, swimming, and boat tours are available at public parks or with hosting companies at Lake Travis. Alternatively, enjoy cool AC empowered indoor gyms and playground in July or August.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| can you recommend fun activities to enjoy in Austin in summer? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is Visual Basic?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Visual Basic (VB), originally called Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET), is a multi-paradigm, object-oriented programming language, implemented on .NET, Mono, and the .NET Framework. Microsoft launched VB.NET in 2002 as the successor to its original Visual Basic language, the last version of which was Visual Basic 6.0. Although the \".NET\" portion of the name was dropped in 2005, this article uses \"Visual Basic [.NET]\" to refer to all Visual Basic languages released since 2002, in order to distinguish between them and the classic Visual Basic. Along with C# and F#, it is one of the three main languages targeting the .NET ecosystem. Microsoft updated its VB language strategy on 6 Feb 2023 stating that VB is a stable language now and Microsoft will keep maintaining it.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is Visual Basic? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "I want to plan a vacation in summer. How do I know where I can go?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are multiple steps to deciding what the best destination is. First, you need to think about how long you want to go on vacation. This will determine how much travel time will be adequate. Second, you need to think about what type of vacation you would like and when you want to go. Should it be a relaxing vacation with warm weather? Or do you want to go sightseeing in a city with mild temperature? Do you want to go hiking? Or skiing? Climate zones are very different, therefore it will depend on what kind of vacation you want to have. Third, you need to think about getting there. Do you want to be able to drive there by car or take the train? Or do you want to take a plane? Importantly, you also have to think about the budget for the overall vacation. Some destinations are more pricey than others. \nFollowing these steps will narrow down your list of potential vacation destinations.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| I want to plan a vacation in summer. How do I know where I can go? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Which U.S president had a home called The Hermitage?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Andrew Jackson",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which U.S president had a home called The Hermitage? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is a personalized sales email?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A personalized sales email is an email written to a specific person at a company. This type of email is tailored to a prospective customer in a way that touches upon why you are reaching out to that person and why you are reaching out to that person right now. An initial personalized email aims to spark interest in potential buyers, hoping they agree to discuss the value they might gain by purchasing your offering.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is a personalized sales email? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "\"Make Me Proud\" is a hip hop song by Canadian recording artist Drake, released as the third single from his second studio album, Take Care, featuring rapper Nicki Minaj. It was released as a digital download on October 16, 2011 and impacted rhythmic radio on October 25, 2011 in the U.S. Hip Hop song Make Me Proud",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Make Me Proud is a hip hop song by Canadian recording artist Drake, released as the third single from his second studio album, Take Care, featuring rapper Nicki Minaj. It was released as a digital download on October 16, 2011 and impacted rhythmic radio on October 25, 2011 in the U.S.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| "Make Me Proud" is a hip hop song by Canadian recording artist Drake, released as the third single from his second studio album, Take Care, featuring rapper Nicki Minaj. It was released as a digital download on October 16, 2011 and impacted rhythmic radio on October 25, 2011 in the U.S. Hip Hop song Make Me Proud |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the value of higher education?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Higher education offers opportunities for people to expand their knowledge and experience. Choosing to pursue education beyond mandatory schooling provides people the chance to receive in-depth training on topics that they enjoy, but also have more exposure to a breadth of various topics. While everyone does not need higher eduction in order to be successful, it does offer many ways for people to explore new interests, develop a mastery of skills, and even learn more about themselves. Higher education offers academic, as well as personal benefits. For example, attending a college or university offers the chance for people to receive mentorship from distinguished professors, meet new people from diverse backgrounds, and share their own ideas with others. There is great value in higher education for people interested in learning new skills before they start their career, advancing their skillset in their current profession, or venturing into a new vocation.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the value of higher education? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "James Frederick Moriarty (May 8, 1896 – January 30, 1981) was a highly decorated officer in the United States Marine Corps with the rank of brigadier general. A veteran of World War I, he distinguished himself several times as a company officer with the 6th Machine Gun Battalion and received four awards of the Silver Star. How many Silver Star awards did James Frederick Moriarty receive?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "James Frederick Moriarty received four awards of the Silver Star",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| James Frederick Moriarty (May 8, 1896 – January 30, 1981) was a highly decorated officer in the United States Marine Corps with the rank of brigadier general. A veteran of World War I, he distinguished himself several times as a company officer with the 6th Machine Gun Battalion and received four awards of the Silver Star. How many Silver Star awards did James Frederick Moriarty receive? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify each of the Super Bowl winners from the oldest to the most recent (first win): New England Patriots, Philadelphia Eagles, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, St Louis and NY Giants.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The answer is : \n1. NY Giants in 1991 \n2. St Louis in 2000 \n3. Tampa Bay in 2003\n4. New England 2004 \n5. Philadelphia Eagles in 2018",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify each of the Super Bowl winners from the oldest to the most recent (first win): New England Patriots, Philadelphia Eagles, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, St Louis and NY Giants. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify each item as being related to \"golf\" or \"football\": Iron, driver, quarterback, lineman, putter, tee, linebacker",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Iron: Golf \nDriver: Golf\nQuarterback: Football\nLineman: Football\nPutter: Golf \nTee: Golf \nLinebacker: Football",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify each item as being related to "golf" or "football": Iron, driver, quarterback, lineman, putter, tee, linebacker |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "According to the official Department of Corrections web site, SCI Dallas (Luzerne County, 10 miles from Wilkes-Barre) was opened in 1960 as an institution for defective delinquents. After the state Supreme Court decision of 1966 voided the concept of \"defective delinquents,\" Dallas, like Huntingdon, became an adult institution. It now is a medium-security facility for men. Does SCI Dallas hold men or women?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "men",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| According to the official Department of Corrections web site, SCI Dallas (Luzerne County, 10 miles from Wilkes-Barre) was opened in 1960 as an institution for defective delinquents. After the state Supreme Court decision of 1966 voided the concept of "defective delinquents," Dallas, like Huntingdon, became an adult institution. It now is a medium-security facility for men. Does SCI Dallas hold men or women? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the first evidence of a boomerang?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Earliest evidence of the boomerang in Australia was about 20,000 years ago.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the first evidence of a boomerang? |
classification | [
{
"content": "which of the following are ex indian prime ministers?\n\nrajiv gandhi\nrahul gandhi\nmanmohan singh\nsonia gandhi\natal bihari vajpayee\nkapil sibal\nak antony\njawaharlal nehru",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Ex indian prime ministers:\nrajiv gandhi\nmanmohan singh\natal bihari vajpayee\njawaharlal nehru",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| which of the following are ex indian prime ministers?
rajiv gandhi
rahul gandhi
manmohan singh
sonia gandhi
atal bihari vajpayee
kapil sibal
ak antony
jawaharlal nehru |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's second-largest country by total area, with the world's longest coastline. It is characterized by a wide range of both meteorologic and geological regions. The country is sparsely inhabited, with the vast majority residing south of the 55th parallel in urban areas. Canada's capital is Ottawa and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.\n\nIndigenous peoples have continuously inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast. As a consequence of various armed conflicts, France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster, 1931, and culminating in the Canada Act 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. What are Canada’s three largest metropolitan areas?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's second-largest country by total area, with the world's longest coastline. It is characterized by a wide range of both meteorologic and geological regions. The country is sparsely inhabited, with the vast majority residing south of the 55th parallel in urban areas. Canada's capital is Ottawa and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
Indigenous peoples have continuously inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast. As a consequence of various armed conflicts, France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster, 1931, and culminating in the Canada Act 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. What are Canada’s three largest metropolitan areas? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Can you give me a brief history of Data Storage?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In 1725, Basile Bouchon invented punch cards, which communicate information in a machine language. The punched holes communicated a sequence of instructions and acted as on/off switches for devices such as self-playing pianos or looms. About a century later, Charles Babbage invented the first mechanical calculator, the Difference Engine using punch card instructions. Herman Hollerith continued developing this idea and made the Analytical Engine a reality by using punch holes to be a sequence of instructions and also store the instruction data on the device. In 1890, he developed a punch card data processing system for the US Census and went on to form the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896, later renamed International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). By the 1950s punch cards were being used regularly by the US government and industry. Even today, punch cards are still used in standardized tests and voting ballots. Initially invented by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928, magnetic storage gradually replaced punch cards in the 1960s. By 1965, Mohawk Data Sciences Corporation sold a key-to-tape magnetic tape device that was specifically marketed to replace the punch card. Cassette tapes started to become commonly used for most computers in the 70s and 80s. Fast forward to the 90s, affordable personal computers and magnetic disk storage replaced almost all punch card devices.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Can you give me a brief history of Data Storage? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Hermann Fernau (born 1883 or 1884) was a German lawyer, writer, journalist and pacifist. Replace the word \"lawyer\" with \"judge\" and the word \"pacifist\" with \"peace lover\"",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Hermann Fernau (born 1883 or 1884) was a German judge, writer, journalist and peace lover.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Hermann Fernau (born 1883 or 1884) was a German lawyer, writer, journalist and pacifist. Replace the word "lawyer" with "judge" and the word "pacifist" with "peace lover" |
classification | [
{
"content": "Please classify from which sci-fi universe are following movies, or tv series: The return of the Jedi, Deep Space 9, Avengers",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Deep Space 9 is a tv series from Star Trek universe, The return of a jedi is a movie from Star Wars saga, and Avengers is a tv series from Marvel Universe",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Please classify from which sci-fi universe are following movies, or tv series: The return of the Jedi, Deep Space 9, Avengers |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "A transcontinental railroad in the United States is any continuous rail line connecting a location on the U.S. Pacific coast with one or more of the railroads of the nation's eastern trunk line rail systems operating between the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers and the U.S. Atlantic coast. The first concrete plan for a transcontinental railroad in the United States was presented to Congress by Asa Whitney in 1845.\n\nA series of transcontinental railroads built over the last third of the 19th century created a nationwide transportation network that united the country by rail. The first of these, the 3,103 km (1,928 mi) \"Pacific Railroad\", was built by the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad to link the San Francisco Bay at Alameda, California, with the nation's existing eastern railroad network at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska, thereby creating the world's first transcontinental railroad when it opened in 1869. Its construction was made possible by the US government under Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862, 1864, and 1867. Its original course was very close to current Interstate 80. Extract the names of the companies that built the Pacific Railroad",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The \"Pacific Railroad\" was built by the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| A transcontinental railroad in the United States is any continuous rail line connecting a location on the U.S. Pacific coast with one or more of the railroads of the nation's eastern trunk line rail systems operating between the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers and the U.S. Atlantic coast. The first concrete plan for a transcontinental railroad in the United States was presented to Congress by Asa Whitney in 1845.
A series of transcontinental railroads built over the last third of the 19th century created a nationwide transportation network that united the country by rail. The first of these, the 3,103 km (1,928 mi) "Pacific Railroad", was built by the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad to link the San Francisco Bay at Alameda, California, with the nation's existing eastern railroad network at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska, thereby creating the world's first transcontinental railroad when it opened in 1869. Its construction was made possible by the US government under Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862, 1864, and 1867. Its original course was very close to current Interstate 80. Extract the names of the companies that built the Pacific Railroad |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks.\n\nProperties\nThough the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design.\n\nThough trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to \"memorize\" a great quantity of facts during training.\n\nHallucinations\nMain article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence)\nIn artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a \"hallucination\" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.\n\nEmergent abilities\n\nOn a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities.\nUnpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called \"emergent abilities\". Researchers note that such abilities \"cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models\". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs.\n\nArchitecture and training\nLarge language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or \"filling in the blanks\", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus.\n\nThe earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens.\n\nLLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million.\n\nA 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters).\n\nApplication to downstream tasks\nBetween 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via \"prompting\" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions.\n\nFine-tuning\nMain article: Fine-tuning (machine learning)\nFine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be \"frozen\", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen).\n\nPrompting\nSee also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing)\nIn the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In \"few-shot prompting\", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows:\n\nReview: This movie stinks.\nSentiment: negative\n\nReview: This movie is fantastic!\nSentiment:\n\nIf the model outputs \"positive\", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be \"The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is\".\n\nFew-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering.\n\nInstruction tuning\nInstruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt \"Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet.\" might provide a completion such as \"A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17.\" In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, \"self-instruct\", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model Given these paragraphs about Large language models, what popular neural network architecture architecture are they based on?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Transformer architecture.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks.
Properties
Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design.
Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training.
Hallucinations
Main article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.
Emergent abilities
On a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities.
Unpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called "emergent abilities". Researchers note that such abilities "cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs.
Architecture and training
Large language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or "filling in the blanks", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus.
The earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens.
LLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million.
A 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters).
Application to downstream tasks
Between 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via "prompting" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions.
Fine-tuning
Main article: Fine-tuning (machine learning)
Fine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be "frozen", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen).
Prompting
See also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing)
In the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In "few-shot prompting", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows:
Review: This movie stinks.
Sentiment: negative
Review: This movie is fantastic!
Sentiment:
If the model outputs "positive", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be "The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is".
Few-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering.
Instruction tuning
Instruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt "Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet." might provide a completion such as "A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17." In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, "self-instruct", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model Given these paragraphs about Large language models, what popular neural network architecture architecture are they based on? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What were the reasons for Enzo Ferrari to leave Alfa Romeo and start his own auto company?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In 1937 Enzo Ferrari quit Alfa-Romeo under agreement that he could not race or design anything under his name for four years. During World War II, Ferrari's company was forced to undertake war production for Mussolini's fascist government, thus supplying auto parts for the Italian military.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What were the reasons for Enzo Ferrari to leave Alfa Romeo and start his own auto company? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Prove pythagoras theorem.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There is a geometrical proof that if we square the hypotenuse, it equals the sum of the squares of the sides of a triangle. The sum of the areas of the two squares on the legs (a and b) equals the area of the square on the hypotenuse (c).\n\nSymbolic statement\t a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Prove pythagoras theorem. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Identify the bird from the list: Barn owl, Python, Chimpanzee",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Barn owl",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Identify the bird from the list: Barn owl, Python, Chimpanzee |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How should I go about planning an agenda for the upcoming leadership meeting I am hosting?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In order to determine what a good agenda would look like, it's important to first decide what you want to accomplish during your leadership meeting. Common leadership meeting goals are reviewing team performance for the last period, aligning on the priorities and objectives you will focus on for the upcoming year, tackling problems that can best be worked on while you are all in the same room, and building personal and professional relationships through teaming exercises and having common experiences.\n\nNext, you should prioritize which of these goals is most important to you. If you could only accomplish one of them, which would it be? Continue to identify the next most important goal until you have fully prioritized your list of goals.\n\nThe next step is to determine how much time you have to dedicate to each topic in order to ensure you can accomplish your goals fully. \n\nFinally, identify how many breaks you will need to build into your meeting time to ensure team members do not become too mentally taxed. One best practice is to take a 15-30 minute break every 90 minutes, and to take a one hour break every 4 hours.\n\nOnce you have identified all of these parameters, you can build your leadership meeting agenda.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How should I go about planning an agenda for the upcoming leadership meeting I am hosting? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the difference between coalesce and repartition when it comes to shuffle partitions in spark",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Coalesce essentially groups multiple partitions into a larger partitions. So use coalesce when you want to reduce the number of partitions (and also tasks) without impacting sort order. Ex:- when you want to write-out a single CSV file output instead of multiple parts\n\n\nUse repartition when you want to cause a shuffle that changes the number of partitions. A common use-case for repartition is to remove skew in file sizes or to start out with a smaller/different number of partitions than the default in Spark",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the difference between coalesce and repartition when it comes to shuffle partitions in spark |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Is Star Wars based on a book?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "No, the Star Wars universe originated from the film series created by George Lucas beginning with 'Star Wars: A New Hope' in 1977. A number of books have been written based on the films or in the storyline created from them, but the original material was a film.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Is Star Wars based on a book? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is 2023 World Baseball Classic?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The 2023 World Baseball Classic (WBC) was an international professional baseball tournament and the fifth iteration of the World Baseball Classic. It began on March 8, 2023 and ran until March 21.\n\nIt was originally scheduled to take place in 2021, four years after the previous event, but was canceled in May 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was later announced that qualifications for the Classic would start in September 2022, as agreed by Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA). The tournament expanded from 16 to 20 national teams, with all teams that participated in the 2017 edition automatically qualifying, plus four additional spots. Unlike in 2009, 2013 and 2017, the U.S. lineup attracted some distinguished players and attracted much hype for the tournament.\n\nJapan won their record-extending third title after defeating defending champions United States 3–2 in the championship game, becoming the second team since the Dominican Republic in the 2013 World Baseball Classic to win the WBC with an undefeated record. Shohei Ohtani was named the World Baseball Classic Most Valuable Player.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is 2023 World Baseball Classic? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two English ancient universities share many common features and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge. Given the following paragraph, what university has evidence of teaching as early as 1096?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The University of Oxford",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two English ancient universities share many common features and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge. Given the following paragraph, what university has evidence of teaching as early as 1096? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "The contemporary national legal systems are generally based on one of four basic systems: civil law, common law, statutory law, religious law or combinations of these. However, the legal system of each country is shaped by its unique history and so incorporates individual variations. The science that studies law at the level of legal systems is called comparative law.\n\nBoth civil (also known as Roman) and common law systems can be considered the most widespread in the world: civil law because it is the most widespread by landmass and by population overall, and common law because it is employed by the greatest number of people compared to any single civil law system. List the basis of contemporary national legal systems from the passage. Display the results in comma separated format.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "civil law, common law, statutory law, religious law, comparative law",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The contemporary national legal systems are generally based on one of four basic systems: civil law, common law, statutory law, religious law or combinations of these. However, the legal system of each country is shaped by its unique history and so incorporates individual variations. The science that studies law at the level of legal systems is called comparative law.
Both civil (also known as Roman) and common law systems can be considered the most widespread in the world: civil law because it is the most widespread by landmass and by population overall, and common law because it is employed by the greatest number of people compared to any single civil law system. List the basis of contemporary national legal systems from the passage. Display the results in comma separated format. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Is Mount Fuji a mountain or a volcano?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mount Fuji is a volcano which last erupted in 1707. It is the highest mountain in Japan at 3,776 meters tall. It is located in 2 prefectures: Yamanashi and Shizuoka and part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. It was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in June 2013.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Is Mount Fuji a mountain or a volcano? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me the top guitar players of all time",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Jimi Hendrix \nEddie Van Halen\nEric Clapton\nChuck Berry\nKeith Richards\nJimmy Page\nB.B King",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me the top guitar players of all time |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Are there any benefits of fasting?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Fasting is the method by which one can bring a conscious process to ingestion. It is not simply denying food and water to the system. Rather, it is a process of reducing the need for food. Fasting provides the digestive and assimilation process a break so that the rest of the body begins to excrete on the cellular level. This helps to remove all the toxic impurities that had accumulated in the cells over a long period of time. Hence intermittent fasting is extremely beneficial to the body.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Are there any benefits of fasting? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What makes an organization standout?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "When an organization puts its people ahead of the profits and cares about the society it creates a unique value and culture that produces long term results. There are many companies that are examples which include the TATA group, Reliance etc.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What makes an organization standout? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Is drinking too much water bad for you?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "According to Mayo Clinic, drinking too much water rarely cause health issues. However, sometimes when people seriously overdrink and their kidneys fail catch up, cells in their body can swell, and the sodium content in blood becomes diluted. These situations can lead to a life threatening condition called hyponatremia.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Is drinking too much water bad for you? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Attack on Titan (Japanese: 進撃の巨人, Hepburn: Shingeki no Kyojin, lit. 'The Advancing Giant') is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hajime Isayama. It is set in a world where humanity is forced to live in cities surrounded by three enormous walls that protect them from gigantic man-eating humanoids referred to as Titans; the story follows Eren Yeager, who vows to exterminate the Titans after they bring about the destruction of his hometown and the death of his mother. It was serialized in Kodansha's monthly magazine Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine from September 2009 to April 2021, with its chapters collected in 34 tankōbon volumes. What are the titans?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In Attack on Titan, the Titans are gigantic man-eating humanoids that destroyed Eren Yeager's hometown and caused the death of his mother. The Titans cause humanity to live in cities surrounded by three enormous walls to protect themselves.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Attack on Titan (Japanese: 進撃の巨人, Hepburn: Shingeki no Kyojin, lit. 'The Advancing Giant') is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hajime Isayama. It is set in a world where humanity is forced to live in cities surrounded by three enormous walls that protect them from gigantic man-eating humanoids referred to as Titans; the story follows Eren Yeager, who vows to exterminate the Titans after they bring about the destruction of his hometown and the death of his mother. It was serialized in Kodansha's monthly magazine Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine from September 2009 to April 2021, with its chapters collected in 34 tankōbon volumes. What are the titans? |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "Write a short paragraph about why you should not have both a pet cat and a pet bird.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Having both a pet bird and a pet cat is not a good idea because cats will try to hunt birds, which are naturally the prey of cats. This hunting instinct is completely normal, and it isn't fair to the cat to try to train it not to attack birds, as it is simply in its nature to do so. However, letting a cat hunt your pet bird is similarly not humane, as it will be very stressful to the bird and could lead to the bird being injured. Larger birds are also not a good idea, as the bird could cause injury to the cat if the cat tries to attack it. Overall, it just isn't a good idea to have both cats and birds, since they tend not to coexist well, and pet owners should just pick one species to have.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Write a short paragraph about why you should not have both a pet cat and a pet bird. |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What Breaking Bad actor guest starred on Season 6, Episode 2 \"Drive\" of The X-Files?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Bryan Cranston guest starred as Patrick Crump.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What Breaking Bad actor guest starred on Season 6, Episode 2 "Drive" of The X-Files? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "As of 2021, the power and capacity of the largest individual battery storage power plants is an order of magnitude less than that of the largest pumped storage power plants, the most common form of grid energy storage. For example, the Bath County Pumped Storage Station, the second largest in the world, can store 24GWh of electricity and dispatch 3GW while the first phase of Vistra Energy's Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility can store 1.2GWh and dispatch 300MW. Grid batteries do not however have to be large, and smaller ones can be deployed widely across a grid for greater redundancy.\n\nAs of 2019, battery power storage is cheaper than open cycle gas turbine power for use up to two hours, and there was around 365 GWh of battery storage deployed worldwide, growing extremely rapidly. Levelized cost of electricity from battery storage has fallen rapidly, halving in two years to US$150 per MWh as of 2020. Given these paragraphs about battery storage power stations, how much was able to store and dispatch the first phase of Vistra Energy's Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The first phase of Vistra Energy's Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility can store 1.2GWh and dispatch 300MW.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| As of 2021, the power and capacity of the largest individual battery storage power plants is an order of magnitude less than that of the largest pumped storage power plants, the most common form of grid energy storage. For example, the Bath County Pumped Storage Station, the second largest in the world, can store 24GWh of electricity and dispatch 3GW while the first phase of Vistra Energy's Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility can store 1.2GWh and dispatch 300MW. Grid batteries do not however have to be large, and smaller ones can be deployed widely across a grid for greater redundancy.
As of 2019, battery power storage is cheaper than open cycle gas turbine power for use up to two hours, and there was around 365 GWh of battery storage deployed worldwide, growing extremely rapidly. Levelized cost of electricity from battery storage has fallen rapidly, halving in two years to US$150 per MWh as of 2020. Given these paragraphs about battery storage power stations, how much was able to store and dispatch the first phase of Vistra Energy's Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are the10 best NCAA Basketball programs all-time?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "UCLA, Kansas, Duke, North Carolina, Connecticut, Michigan State, Kentucky, Louisville, Indiana and Arizona",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the10 best NCAA Basketball programs all-time? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "2020 California Proposition 22\n\nSupport\nLyft, Uber, DoorDash, Instacart, and Postmates contributed over $205 million into campaigns supporting Prop 22, making it the most expensive ballot measure in California's history. This included major funding for the Yes on Prop 22 campaign, and promoting the proposed legislation directly to customers when using their app. Beyond in-app messaging, Uber and Lyft also conducted extensive social media and television advertising to persuade voters. Such advertisements informed voters that a \"no\" outcome for the proposition would put many drivers' occupations in jeopardy, among other messages.\n\nSponsored support\nSome of the companies also forced their workers to support and promote the legislation: Uber sent its drivers in-app messages forcing them to click on either \"Yes on Prop 22\" or \"OK\", Instacart ordered its workers to place pro-Prop 22 stickers in customers' shopping bags, and DoorDash forced delivery drivers to use bags saying \"Yes on 22\".\n\nTitle litigation\nThe ballot title, written by Attorney General Xavier Becerra, is \"Exempts App-Based Transportation and Delivery Companies from Providing Employee Benefits to Certain Drivers. Initiative Statute\". The Yes on Prop 22 campaign challenged this description as non-neutral in court, but their arguments were rejected by a Sacramento Superior Court judge.\n\nOpposition\nThe No on Prop 22 campaign was funded by the California Labor Federation, with support from UC Berkeley Labor Center. The campaign received around $19 million in support, mostly from labor groups. Driver groups Rideshare Drivers United, Gig Workers Rising, We Drive Progress, and Mobile Workers United, spoke out against Prop 22. Editorial boards from the New York Times and Los Angeles Times also called on voters to reject Prop 22.\n\nThe proposition would add protections specific to app-based workers, different from other independent contractors, but these protections would only apply during the time the worker is \"engaged\" in fulfilling a specific request and not while the worker is logged in to the app and available to fulfill a request. Based on the reference text, who were the main parties who supported and opposed Prop 22?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The main parties to support Prop 22 included Lyft, Uber, Doordash, Instacart, and Postmates. The main parties to oppose Prop 22 included California Labor Federation, Rideshare Drivers United, Gig Workers Rising, We Drive Progress, and Mobile Workers United.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| 2020 California Proposition 22
Support
Lyft, Uber, DoorDash, Instacart, and Postmates contributed over $205 million into campaigns supporting Prop 22, making it the most expensive ballot measure in California's history. This included major funding for the Yes on Prop 22 campaign, and promoting the proposed legislation directly to customers when using their app. Beyond in-app messaging, Uber and Lyft also conducted extensive social media and television advertising to persuade voters. Such advertisements informed voters that a "no" outcome for the proposition would put many drivers' occupations in jeopardy, among other messages.
Sponsored support
Some of the companies also forced their workers to support and promote the legislation: Uber sent its drivers in-app messages forcing them to click on either "Yes on Prop 22" or "OK", Instacart ordered its workers to place pro-Prop 22 stickers in customers' shopping bags, and DoorDash forced delivery drivers to use bags saying "Yes on 22".
Title litigation
The ballot title, written by Attorney General Xavier Becerra, is "Exempts App-Based Transportation and Delivery Companies from Providing Employee Benefits to Certain Drivers. Initiative Statute". The Yes on Prop 22 campaign challenged this description as non-neutral in court, but their arguments were rejected by a Sacramento Superior Court judge.
Opposition
The No on Prop 22 campaign was funded by the California Labor Federation, with support from UC Berkeley Labor Center. The campaign received around $19 million in support, mostly from labor groups. Driver groups Rideshare Drivers United, Gig Workers Rising, We Drive Progress, and Mobile Workers United, spoke out against Prop 22. Editorial boards from the New York Times and Los Angeles Times also called on voters to reject Prop 22.
The proposition would add protections specific to app-based workers, different from other independent contractors, but these protections would only apply during the time the worker is "engaged" in fulfilling a specific request and not while the worker is logged in to the app and available to fulfill a request. Based on the reference text, who were the main parties who supported and opposed Prop 22? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "How many cents do I have if I have 3 dollars and a dime?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "If you have 3 dollars and a dime, you have 310 cents in total.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How many cents do I have if I have 3 dollars and a dime? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Name some fruits that have yellow or orange skin.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Bananas, Lemons, Oranges, Nectarines and Apricots all have yellow or orange skin.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Name some fruits that have yellow or orange skin. |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What athlete created the 'beast quake' for the Seattle Seahawks?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Marshan Lynch",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What athlete created the 'beast quake' for the Seattle Seahawks? |
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